第6章 类再生
“Java引人注目的一项特性是代码的重复使用或者再生。但最具革命意义的是，除代码的复制和修改以外，我们还能做多得多的其他事情。”
在象C那样的程序化语言里，代码的重复使用早已可行，但效果不是特别显著。与Java的其他地方一样，这个方案解决的也是与类有关的问题。我们通过创建新类来重复使用代码，但却用不着重新创建，可以直接使用别人已建好并调试好的现成类。
但这样做必须保证不会干扰原有的代码。在这一章里，我们将介绍两个达到这一目标的方法。第一个最简单：在新类里简单地创建原有类的对象。我们把这种方法叫作“合成”，因为新类由现有类的对象合并而成。我们只是简单地重复利用代码的功能，而不是采用它的形式。
第二种方法则显得稍微有些技巧。它创建一个新类，将其作为现有类的一个“类型”。我们可以原样采取现有类的形式，并在其中加入新代码，同时不会对现有的类产生影响。这种魔术般的行为叫作“继承”（Inheritance），涉及的大多数工作都是由编译器完成的。对于面向对象的程序设计，“继承”是最重要的基础概念之一。它对我们下一章要讲述的内容会产生一些额外的影响。
对于合成与继承这两种方法，大多数语法和行为都是类似的（因为它们都要根据现有的类型生成新类型）。在本章，我们将深入学习这些代码再生或者重复使用的机制。
6.1 合成的语法
就以前的学习情况来看，事实上已进行了多次“合成”操作。为进行合成，我们只需在新类里简单地置入对象句柄即可。举个例子来说，假定需要在一个对象里容纳几个String对象、两种基本数据类型以及属于另一个类的一个对象。对于非基本类型的对象来说，只需将句柄置于新类即可；而对于基本数据类型来说，则需在自己的类中定义它们。如下所示（若执行该程序时有麻烦，请参见第3章3.1.2小节“赋值”）：
//: SprinklerSystem.java
// Composition for code reuse
package c06;
class WaterSource {
private String s;
WaterSource() {
System.out.println("WaterSource()");
s = new String("Constructed");
}
public String toString() { return s; }
}
public class SprinklerSystem {
private String valve1, valve2, valve3, valve4;
WaterSource source;
int i;
float f;
void print() {
System.out.println("valve1 = " + valve1);
System.out.println("valve2 = " + valve2);
System.out.println("valve3 = " + valve3);
System.out.println("valve4 = " + valve4);
System.out.println("i = " + i);
System.out.println("f = " + f);
System.out.println("source = " + source);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
SprinklerSystem x = new SprinklerSystem();
x.print();
}
} ///:~valve1 = null valve2 = null valve3 = null valve4 = null i = 0 f = 0.0 source = null
//: Bath.java
// Constructor initialization with composition
class Soap {
private String s;
Soap() {
System.out.println("Soap()");
s = new String("Constructed");
}
public String toString() { return s; }
}
public class Bath {
private String
// Initializing at point of definition:
s1 = new String("Happy"),
s2 = "Happy",
s3, s4;
Soap castille;
int i;
float toy;
Bath() {
System.out.println("Inside Bath()");
s3 = new String("Joy");
i = 47;
toy = 3.14f;
castille = new Soap();
}
void print() {
// Delayed initialization:
if(s4 == null)
s4 = new String("Joy");
System.out.println("s1 = " + s1);
System.out.println("s2 = " + s2);
System.out.println("s3 = " + s3);
System.out.println("s4 = " + s4);
System.out.println("i = " + i);
System.out.println("toy = " + toy);
System.out.println("castille = " + castille);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Bath b = new Bath();
b.print();
}
} ///:~Inside Bath() Soap() s1 = Happy s2 = Happy s3 = Joy s4 = Joy i = 47 toy = 3.14 castille = Constructed
//: Detergent.java
// Inheritance syntax & properties
class Cleanser {
private String s = new String("Cleanser");
public void append(String a) { s += a; }
public void dilute() { append(" dilute()"); }
public void apply() { append(" apply()"); }
public void scrub() { append(" scrub()"); }
public void print() { System.out.println(s); }
public static void main(String[] args) {
Cleanser x = new Cleanser();
x.dilute(); x.apply(); x.scrub();
x.print();
}
}
public class Detergent extends Cleanser {
// Change a method:
public void scrub() {
append(" Detergent.scrub()");
super.scrub(); // Call base-class version
}
// Add methods to the interface:
public void foam() { append(" foam()"); }
// Test the new class:
public static void main(String[] args) {
Detergent x = new Detergent();
x.dilute();
x.apply();
x.scrub();
x.foam();
x.print();
System.out.println("Testing base class:");
Cleanser.main(args);
}
} ///:~//: Cartoon.java
// Constructor calls during inheritance
class Art {
Art() {
System.out.println("Art constructor");
}
}
class Drawing extends Art {
Drawing() {
System.out.println("Drawing constructor");
}
}
public class Cartoon extends Drawing {
Cartoon() {
System.out.println("Cartoon constructor");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Cartoon x = new Cartoon();
}
} ///:~//: Chess.java
// Inheritance, constructors and arguments
class Game {
Game(int i) {
System.out.println("Game constructor");
}
}
class BoardGame extends Game {
BoardGame(int i) {
super(i);
System.out.println("BoardGame constructor");
}
}
public class Chess extends BoardGame {
Chess() {
super(11);
System.out.println("Chess constructor");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Chess x = new Chess();
}
} ///:~//: PlaceSetting.java
// Combining composition & inheritance
class Plate {
Plate(int i) {
System.out.println("Plate constructor");
}
}
class DinnerPlate extends Plate {
DinnerPlate(int i) {
super(i);
System.out.println(
"DinnerPlate constructor");
}
}
class Utensil {
Utensil(int i) {
System.out.println("Utensil constructor");
}
}
class Spoon extends Utensil {
Spoon(int i) {
super(i);
System.out.println("Spoon constructor");
}
}
class Fork extends Utensil {
Fork(int i) {
super(i);
System.out.println("Fork constructor");
}
}
class Knife extends Utensil {
Knife(int i) {
super(i);
System.out.println("Knife constructor");
}
}
// A cultural way of doing something:
class Custom {
Custom(int i) {
System.out.println("Custom constructor");
}
}
public class PlaceSetting extends Custom {
Spoon sp;
Fork frk;
Knife kn;
DinnerPlate pl;
PlaceSetting(int i) {
super(i + 1);
sp = new Spoon(i + 2);
frk = new Fork(i + 3);
kn = new Knife(i + 4);
pl = new DinnerPlate(i + 5);
System.out.println(
"PlaceSetting constructor");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
PlaceSetting x = new PlaceSetting(9);
}
} ///:~//: CADSystem.java
// Ensuring proper cleanup
import java.util.*;
class Shape {
Shape(int i) {
System.out.println("Shape constructor");
}
void cleanup() {
System.out.println("Shape cleanup");
}
}
class Circle extends Shape {
Circle(int i) {
super(i);
System.out.println("Drawing a Circle");
}
void cleanup() {
System.out.println("Erasing a Circle");
super.cleanup();
}
}
class Triangle extends Shape {
Triangle(int i) {
super(i);
System.out.println("Drawing a Triangle");
}
void cleanup() {
System.out.println("Erasing a Triangle");
super.cleanup();
}
}
class Line extends Shape {
private int start, end;
Line(int start, int end) {
super(start);
this.start = start;
this.end = end;
System.out.println("Drawing a Line: " +
start + ", " + end);
}
void cleanup() {
System.out.println("Erasing a Line: " +
start + ", " + end);
super.cleanup();
}
}
public class CADSystem extends Shape {
private Circle c;
private Triangle t;
private Line[] lines = new Line[10];
CADSystem(int i) {
super(i + 1);
for(int j = 0; j < 10; j++)
lines[j] = new Line(j, j*j);
c = new Circle(1);
t = new Triangle(1);
System.out.println("Combined constructor");
}
void cleanup() {
System.out.println("CADSystem.cleanup()");
t.cleanup();
c.cleanup();
for(int i = 0; i < lines.length; i++)
lines[i].cleanup();
super.cleanup();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
CADSystem x = new CADSystem(47);
try {
// Code and exception handling...
} finally {
x.cleanup();
}
}
} ///:~//: Hide.java
// Overloading a base-class method name
// in a derived class does not hide the
// base-class versions
class Homer {
char doh(char c) {
System.out.println("doh(char)");
return 'd';
}
float doh(float f) {
System.out.println("doh(float)");
return 1.0f;
}
}
class Milhouse {}
class Bart extends Homer {
void doh(Milhouse m) {}
}
class Hide {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Bart b = new Bart();
b.doh(1); // doh(float) used
b.doh('x');
b.doh(1.0f);
b.doh(new Milhouse());
}
} ///:~//: Car.java
// Composition with public objects
class Engine {
public void start() {}
public void rev() {}
public void stop() {}
}
class Wheel {
public void inflate(int psi) {}
}
class Window {
public void rollup() {}
public void rolldown() {}
}
class Door {
public Window window = new Window();
public void open() {}
public void close() {}
}
public class Car {
public Engine engine = new Engine();
public Wheel[] wheel = new Wheel[4];
public Door left = new Door(),
right = new Door(); // 2-door
Car() {
for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
wheel[i] = new Wheel();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Car car = new Car();
car.left.window.rollup();
car.wheel[0].inflate(72);
}
} ///:~//: Orc.java
// The protected keyword
import java.util.*;
class Villain {
private int i;
protected int read() { return i; }
protected void set(int ii) { i = ii; }
public Villain(int ii) { i = ii; }
public int value(int m) { return m*i; }
}
public class Orc extends Villain {
private int j;
public Orc(int jj) { super(jj); j = jj; }
public void change(int x) { set(x); }
} ///:~//: Wind.java
// Inheritance & upcasting
import java.util.*;
class Instrument {
public void play() {}
static void tune(Instrument i) {
// ...
i.play();
}
}
// Wind objects are instruments
// because they have the same interface:
class Wind extends Instrument {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Wind flute = new Wind();
Instrument.tune(flute); // Upcasting
}
} ///:~
//: FinalData.java
// The effect of final on fields
class Value {
int i = 1;
}
public class FinalData {
// Can be compile-time constants
final int i1 = 9;
static final int I2 = 99;
// Typical public constant:
public static final int I3 = 39;
// Cannot be compile-time constants:
final int i4 = (int)(Math.random()*20);
static final int i5 = (int)(Math.random()*20);
Value v1 = new Value();
final Value v2 = new Value();
static final Value v3 = new Value();
//! final Value v4; // Pre-Java 1.1 Error:
// no initializer
// Arrays:
final int[] a = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };
public void print(String id) {
System.out.println(
id + ": " + "i4 = " + i4 +
", i5 = " + i5);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
FinalData fd1 = new FinalData();
//! fd1.i1++; // Error: can't change value
fd1.v2.i++; // Object isn't constant!
fd1.v1 = new Value(); // OK -- not final
for(int i = 0; i < fd1.a.length; i++)
fd1.a[i]++; // Object isn't constant!
//! fd1.v2 = new Value(); // Error: Can't
//! fd1.v3 = new Value(); // change handle
//! fd1.a = new int[3];
fd1.print("fd1");
System.out.println("Creating new FinalData");
FinalData fd2 = new FinalData();
fd1.print("fd1");
fd2.print("fd2");
}
} ///:~fd1: i4 = 15, i5 = 9 Creating new FinalData fd1: i4 = 15, i5 = 9 fd2: i4 = 10, i5 = 9
//: BlankFinal.java
// "Blank" final data members
class Poppet { }
class BlankFinal {
final int i = 0; // Initialized final
final int j; // Blank final
final Poppet p; // Blank final handle
// Blank finals MUST be initialized
// in the constructor:
BlankFinal() {
j = 1; // Initialize blank final
p = new Poppet();
}
BlankFinal(int x) {
j = x; // Initialize blank final
p = new Poppet();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
BlankFinal bf = new BlankFinal();
}
} ///:~//: FinalArguments.java
// Using "final" with method arguments
class Gizmo {
public void spin() {}
}
public class FinalArguments {
void with(final Gizmo g) {
//! g = new Gizmo(); // Illegal -- g is final
g.spin();
}
void without(Gizmo g) {
g = new Gizmo(); // OK -- g not final
g.spin();
}
// void f(final int i) { i++; } // Can't change
// You can only read from a final primitive:
int g(final int i) { return i + 1; }
public static void main(String[] args) {
FinalArguments bf = new FinalArguments();
bf.without(null);
bf.with(null);
}
} ///:~//: Jurassic.java
// Making an entire class final
class SmallBrain {}
final class Dinosaur {
int i = 7;
int j = 1;
SmallBrain x = new SmallBrain();
void f() {}
}
//! class Further extends Dinosaur {}
// error: Cannot extend final class 'Dinosaur'
public class Jurassic {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Dinosaur n = new Dinosaur();
n.f();
n.i = 40;
n.j++;
}
} ///:~//: Beetle.java
// The full process of initialization.
class Insect {
int i = 9;
int j;
Insect() {
prt("i = " + i + ", j = " + j);
j = 39;
}
static int x1 =
prt("static Insect.x1 initialized");
static int prt(String s) {
System.out.println(s);
return 47;
}
}
public class Beetle extends Insect {
int k = prt("Beetle.k initialized");
Beetle() {
prt("k = " + k);
prt("j = " + j);
}
static int x2 =
prt("static Beetle.x2 initialized");
static int prt(String s) {
System.out.println(s);
return 63;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
prt("Beetle constructor");
Beetle b = new Beetle();
}
} ///:~static Insect.x initialized static Beetle.x initialized Beetle constructor i = 9, j = 0 Beetle.k initialized k = 63 j = 39