第14章 多线程
利用对象，可将一个程序分割成相互独立的区域。我们通常也需要将一个程序转换成多个独立运行的子任务。
象这样的每个子任务都叫作一个“线程”（Thread）。编写程序时，可将每个线程都想象成独立运行，而且都有自己的专用CPU。一些基础机制实际会为我们自动分割CPU的时间。我们通常不必关心这些细节问题，所以多线程的代码编写是相当简便的。
这时理解一些定义对以后的学习狠有帮助。“进程”是指一种“自包容”的运行程序，有自己的地址空间。“多任务”操作系统能同时运行多个进程（程序）——但实际是由于CPU分时机制的作用，使每个进程都能循环获得自己的CPU时间片。但由于轮换速度非常快，使得所有程序好象是在“同时”运行一样。“线程”是进程内部单一的一个顺序控制流。因此，一个进程可能容纳了多个同时执行的线程。
多线程的应用范围很广。但在一般情况下，程序的一些部分同特定的事件或资源联系在一起，同时又不想为它而暂停程序其他部分的执行。这样一来，就可考虑创建一个线程，令其与那个事件或资源关联到一起，并让它独立于主程序运行。一个很好的例子便是“Quit”或“退出”按钮——我们并不希望在程序的每一部分代码中都轮询这个按钮，同时又希望该按钮能及时地作出响应（使程序看起来似乎经常都在轮询它）。事实上，多线程最主要的一个用途就是构建一个“反应灵敏”的用户界面。
14.1 反应灵敏的用户界面
作为我们的起点，请思考一个需要执行某些CPU密集型计算的程序。由于CPU“全心全意”为那些计算服务，所以对用户的输入十分迟钝，几乎没有什么反应。在这里，我们用一个合成的applet/application（程序片／应用程序）来简单显示出一个计数器的结果：
//: Counter1.java
// A non-responsive user interface
package c14;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
public class Counter1 extends Applet {
private int count = 0;
private Button
onOff = new Button("Toggle"),
start = new Button("Start");
private TextField t = new TextField(10);
private boolean runFlag = true;
public void init() {
add(t);
start.addActionListener(new StartL());
add(start);
onOff.addActionListener(new OnOffL());
add(onOff);
}
public void go() {
while (true) {
try {
Thread.currentThread().sleep(100);
} catch (InterruptedException e){}
if(runFlag)
t.setText(Integer.toString(count++));
}
}
class StartL implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
go();
}
}
class OnOffL implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
runFlag = !runFlag;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Counter1 applet = new Counter1();
Frame aFrame = new Frame("Counter1");
aFrame.addWindowListener(
new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
System.exit(0);
}
});
aFrame.add(applet, BorderLayout.CENTER);
aFrame.setSize(300,200);
applet.init();
applet.start();
aFrame.setVisible(true);
}
} ///:~//: SimpleThread.java
// Very simple Threading example
public class SimpleThread extends Thread {
private int countDown = 5;
private int threadNumber;
private static int threadCount = 0;
public SimpleThread() {
threadNumber = ++threadCount;
System.out.println("Making " + threadNumber);
}
public void run() {
while(true) {
System.out.println("Thread " +
threadNumber + "(" + countDown + ")");
if(--countDown == 0) return;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
new SimpleThread().start();
System.out.println("All Threads Started");
}
} ///:~Making 1 Making 2 Making 3 Making 4 Making 5 Thread 1(5) Thread 1(4) Thread 1(3) Thread 1(2) Thread 2(5) Thread 2(4) Thread 2(3) Thread 2(2) Thread 2(1) Thread 1(1) All Threads Started Thread 3(5) Thread 4(5) Thread 4(4) Thread 4(3) Thread 4(2) Thread 4(1) Thread 5(5) Thread 5(4) Thread 5(3) Thread 5(2) Thread 5(1) Thread 3(4) Thread 3(3) Thread 3(2) Thread 3(1)
//: Counter2.java
// A responsive user interface with threads
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
class SeparateSubTask extends Thread {
private int count = 0;
private Counter2 c2;
private boolean runFlag = true;
public SeparateSubTask(Counter2 c2) {
this.c2 = c2;
start();
}
public void invertFlag() { runFlag = !runFlag;}
public void run() {
while (true) {
try {
sleep(100);
} catch (InterruptedException e){}
if(runFlag)
c2.t.setText(Integer.toString(count++));
}
}
}
public class Counter2 extends Applet {
TextField t = new TextField(10);
private SeparateSubTask sp = null;
private Button
onOff = new Button("Toggle"),
start = new Button("Start");
public void init() {
add(t);
start.addActionListener(new StartL());
add(start);
onOff.addActionListener(new OnOffL());
add(onOff);
}
class StartL implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
if(sp == null)
sp = new SeparateSubTask(Counter2.this);
}
}
class OnOffL implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
if(sp != null)
sp.invertFlag();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Counter2 applet = new Counter2();
Frame aFrame = new Frame("Counter2");
aFrame.addWindowListener(
new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
System.exit(0);
}
});
aFrame.add(applet, BorderLayout.CENTER);
aFrame.setSize(300,200);
applet.init();
applet.start();
aFrame.setVisible(true);
}
} ///:~//: Counter2i.java
// Counter2 using an inner class for the thread
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
public class Counter2i extends Applet {
private class SeparateSubTask extends Thread {
int count = 0;
boolean runFlag = true;
SeparateSubTask() { start(); }
public void run() {
while (true) {
try {
sleep(100);
} catch (InterruptedException e){}
if(runFlag)
t.setText(Integer.toString(count++));
}
}
}
private SeparateSubTask sp = null;
private TextField t = new TextField(10);
private Button
onOff = new Button("Toggle"),
start = new Button("Start");
public void init() {
add(t);
start.addActionListener(new StartL());
add(start);
onOff.addActionListener(new OnOffL());
add(onOff);
}
class StartL implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
if(sp == null)
sp = new SeparateSubTask();
}
}
class OnOffL implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
if(sp != null)
sp.runFlag = !sp.runFlag; // invertFlag();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Counter2i applet = new Counter2i();
Frame aFrame = new Frame("Counter2i");
aFrame.addWindowListener(
new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
System.exit(0);
}
});
aFrame.add(applet, BorderLayout.CENTER);
aFrame.setSize(300,200);
applet.init();
applet.start();
aFrame.setVisible(true);
}
} ///:~//: Counter3.java
// Using the Runnable interface to turn the
// main class into a thread.
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
public class Counter3
extends Applet implements Runnable {
private int count = 0;
private boolean runFlag = true;
private Thread selfThread = null;
private Button
onOff = new Button("Toggle"),
start = new Button("Start");
private TextField t = new TextField(10);
public void init() {
add(t);
start.addActionListener(new StartL());
add(start);
onOff.addActionListener(new OnOffL());
add(onOff);
}
public void run() {
while (true) {
try {
selfThread.sleep(100);
} catch (InterruptedException e){}
if(runFlag)
t.setText(Integer.toString(count++));
}
}
class StartL implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
if(selfThread == null) {
selfThread = new Thread(Counter3.this);
selfThread.start();
}
}
}
class OnOffL implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
runFlag = !runFlag;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Counter3 applet = new Counter3();
Frame aFrame = new Frame("Counter3");
aFrame.addWindowListener(
new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
System.exit(0);
}
});
aFrame.add(applet, BorderLayout.CENTER);
aFrame.setSize(300,200);
applet.init();
applet.start();
aFrame.setVisible(true);
}
} ///:~//: Counter4.java
// If you separate your thread from the main
// class, you can have as many threads as you
// want.
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
class Ticker extends Thread {
private Button b = new Button("Toggle");
private TextField t = new TextField(10);
private int count = 0;
private boolean runFlag = true;
public Ticker(Container c) {
b.addActionListener(new ToggleL());
Panel p = new Panel();
p.add(t);
p.add(b);
c.add(p);
}
class ToggleL implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
runFlag = !runFlag;
}
}
public void run() {
while (true) {
if(runFlag)
t.setText(Integer.toString(count++));
try {
sleep(100);
} catch (InterruptedException e){}
}
}
}
public class Counter4 extends Applet {
private Button start = new Button("Start");
private boolean started = false;
private Ticker[] s;
private boolean isApplet = true;
private int size;
public void init() {
// Get parameter "size" from Web page:
if(isApplet)
size =
Integer.parseInt(getParameter("size"));
s = new Ticker[size];
for(int i = 0; i < s.length; i++)
s[i] = new Ticker(this);
start.addActionListener(new StartL());
add(start);
}
class StartL implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
if(!started) {
started = true;
for(int i = 0; i < s.length; i++)
s[i].start();
}
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Counter4 applet = new Counter4();
// This isn't an applet, so set the flag and
// produce the parameter values from args:
applet.isApplet = false;
applet.size =
(args.length == 0 ? 5 :
Integer.parseInt(args[0]));
Frame aFrame = new Frame("Counter4");
aFrame.addWindowListener(
new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
System.exit(0);
}
});
aFrame.add(applet, BorderLayout.CENTER);
aFrame.setSize(200, applet.size * 50);
applet.init();
applet.start();
aFrame.setVisible(true);
}
} ///:~//: Daemons.java
// Daemonic behavior
import java.io.*;
class Daemon extends Thread {
private static final int SIZE = 10;
private Thread[] t = new Thread[SIZE];
public Daemon() {
setDaemon(true);
start();
}
public void run() {
for(int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
t[i] = new DaemonSpawn(i);
for(int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
System.out.println(
"t[" + i + "].isDaemon() = "
+ t[i].isDaemon());
while(true)
yield();
}
}
class DaemonSpawn extends Thread {
public DaemonSpawn(int i) {
System.out.println(
"DaemonSpawn " + i + " started");
start();
}
public void run() {
while(true)
yield();
}
}
public class Daemons {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Thread d = new Daemon();
System.out.println(
"d.isDaemon() = " + d.isDaemon());
// Allow the daemon threads to finish
// their startup processes:
BufferedReader stdin =
new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println("Waiting for CR");
try {
stdin.readLine();
} catch(IOException e) {}
}
} ///:~//: Sharing1.java
// Problems with resource sharing while threading
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
class TwoCounter extends Thread {
private boolean started = false;
private TextField
t1 = new TextField(5),
t2 = new TextField(5);
private Label l =
new Label("count1 == count2");
private int count1 = 0, count2 = 0;
// Add the display components as a panel
// to the given container:
public TwoCounter(Container c) {
Panel p = new Panel();
p.add(t1);
p.add(t2);
p.add(l);
c.add(p);
}
public void start() {
if(!started) {
started = true;
super.start();
}
}
public void run() {
while (true) {
t1.setText(Integer.toString(count1++));
t2.setText(Integer.toString(count2++));
try {
sleep(500);
} catch (InterruptedException e){}
}
}
public void synchTest() {
Sharing1.incrementAccess();
if(count1 != count2)
l.setText("Unsynched");
}
}
class Watcher extends Thread {
private Sharing1 p;
public Watcher(Sharing1 p) {
this.p = p;
start();
}
public void run() {
while(true) {
for(int i = 0; i < p.s.length; i++)
p.s[i].synchTest();
try {
sleep(500);
} catch (InterruptedException e){}
}
}
}
public class Sharing1 extends Applet {
TwoCounter[] s;
private static int accessCount = 0;
private static TextField aCount =
new TextField("0", 10);
public static void incrementAccess() {
accessCount++;
aCount.setText(Integer.toString(accessCount));
}
private Button
start = new Button("Start"),
observer = new Button("Observe");
private boolean isApplet = true;
private int numCounters = 0;
private int numObservers = 0;
public void init() {
if(isApplet) {
numCounters =
Integer.parseInt(getParameter("size"));
numObservers =
Integer.parseInt(
getParameter("observers"));
}
s = new TwoCounter[numCounters];
for(int i = 0; i < s.length; i++)
s[i] = new TwoCounter(this);
Panel p = new Panel();
start.addActionListener(new StartL());
p.add(start);
observer.addActionListener(new ObserverL());
p.add(observer);
p.add(new Label("Access Count"));
p.add(aCount);
add(p);
}
class StartL implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
for(int i = 0; i < s.length; i++)
s[i].start();
}
}
class ObserverL implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
for(int i = 0; i < numObservers; i++)
new Watcher(Sharing1.this);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Sharing1 applet = new Sharing1();
// This isn't an applet, so set the flag and
// produce the parameter values from args:
applet.isApplet = false;
applet.numCounters =
(args.length == 0 ? 5 :
Integer.parseInt(args[0]));
applet.numObservers =
(args.length < 2 ? 5 :
Integer.parseInt(args[1]));
Frame aFrame = new Frame("Sharing1");
aFrame.addWindowListener(
new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e){
System.exit(0);
}
});
aFrame.add(applet, BorderLayout.CENTER);
aFrame.setSize(350, applet.numCounters *100);
applet.init();
applet.start();
aFrame.setVisible(true);
}
} ///:~<applet code=Sharing1 width=650 height=500> <param name=size value="20"> <param name=observers value="1"> </applet>
//: Sharing2.java
// Using the synchronized keyword to prevent
// multiple access to a particular resource.
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
class TwoCounter2 extends Thread {
private boolean started = false;
private TextField
t1 = new TextField(5),
t2 = new TextField(5);
private Label l =
new Label("count1 == count2");
private int count1 = 0, count2 = 0;
public TwoCounter2(Container c) {
Panel p = new Panel();
p.add(t1);
p.add(t2);
p.add(l);
c.add(p);
}
public void start() {
if(!started) {
started = true;
super.start();
}
}
public synchronized void run() {
while (true) {
t1.setText(Integer.toString(count1++));
t2.setText(Integer.toString(count2++));
try {
sleep(500);
} catch (InterruptedException e){}
}
}
public synchronized void synchTest() {
Sharing2.incrementAccess();
if(count1 != count2)
l.setText("Unsynched");
}
}
class Watcher2 extends Thread {
private Sharing2 p;
public Watcher2(Sharing2 p) {
this.p = p;
start();
}
public void run() {
while(true) {
for(int i = 0; i < p.s.length; i++)
p.s[i].synchTest();
try {
sleep(500);
} catch (InterruptedException e){}
}
}
}
public class Sharing2 extends Applet {
TwoCounter2[] s;
private static int accessCount = 0;
private static TextField aCount =
new TextField("0", 10);
public static void incrementAccess() {
accessCount++;
aCount.setText(Integer.toString(accessCount));
}
private Button
start = new Button("Start"),
observer = new Button("Observe");
private boolean isApplet = true;
private int numCounters = 0;
private int numObservers = 0;
public void init() {
if(isApplet) {
numCounters =
Integer.parseInt(getParameter("size"));
numObservers =
Integer.parseInt(
getParameter("observers"));
}
s = new TwoCounter2[numCounters];
for(int i = 0; i < s.length; i++)
s[i] = new TwoCounter2(this);
Panel p = new Panel();
start.addActionListener(new StartL());
p.add(start);
observer.addActionListener(new ObserverL());
p.add(observer);
p.add(new Label("Access Count"));
p.add(aCount);
add(p);
}
class StartL implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
for(int i = 0; i < s.length; i++)
s[i].start();
}
}
class ObserverL implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
for(int i = 0; i < numObservers; i++)
new Watcher2(Sharing2.this);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Sharing2 applet = new Sharing2();
// This isn't an applet, so set the flag and
// produce the parameter values from args:
applet.isApplet = false;
applet.numCounters =
(args.length == 0 ? 5 :
Integer.parseInt(args[0]));
applet.numObservers =
(args.length < 2 ? 5 :
Integer.parseInt(args[1]));
Frame aFrame = new Frame("Sharing2");
aFrame.addWindowListener(
new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e){
System.exit(0);
}
});
aFrame.add(applet, BorderLayout.CENTER);
aFrame.setSize(350, applet.numCounters *100);
applet.init();
applet.start();
aFrame.setVisible(true);
}
} ///:~synchronized(syncObject) {
// This code can be accessed by only
// one thread at a time, assuming all
// threads respect syncObject's lock
} public void run() {
while (true) {
synchronized(this) {
t1.setText(Integer.toString(count1++));
t2.setText(Integer.toString(count2++));
}
try {
sleep(500);
} catch (InterruptedException e){}
}
}//: BangBean2.java
// You should write your Beans this way so they
// can run in a multithreaded environment.
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
public class BangBean2 extends Canvas
implements Serializable {
private int xm, ym;
private int cSize = 20; // Circle size
private String text = "Bang!";
private int fontSize = 48;
private Color tColor = Color.red;
private Vector actionListeners = new Vector();
public BangBean2() {
addMouseListener(new ML());
addMouseMotionListener(new MM());
}
public synchronized int getCircleSize() {
return cSize;
}
public synchronized void
setCircleSize(int newSize) {
cSize = newSize;
}
public synchronized String getBangText() {
return text;
}
public synchronized void
setBangText(String newText) {
text = newText;
}
public synchronized int getFontSize() {
return fontSize;
}
public synchronized void
setFontSize(int newSize) {
fontSize = newSize;
}
public synchronized Color getTextColor() {
return tColor;
}
public synchronized void
setTextColor(Color newColor) {
tColor = newColor;
}
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.setColor(Color.black);
g.drawOval(xm - cSize/2, ym - cSize/2,
cSize, cSize);
}
// This is a multicast listener, which is
// more typically used than the unicast
// approach taken in BangBean.java:
public synchronized void addActionListener (
ActionListener l) {
actionListeners.addElement(l);
}
public synchronized void removeActionListener(
ActionListener l) {
actionListeners.removeElement(l);
}
// Notice this isn't synchronized:
public void notifyListeners() {
ActionEvent a =
new ActionEvent(BangBean2.this,
ActionEvent.ACTION_PERFORMED, null);
Vector lv = null;
// Make a copy of the vector in case someone
// adds a listener while we're
// calling listeners:
synchronized(this) {
lv = (Vector)actionListeners.clone();
}
// Call all the listener methods:
for(int i = 0; i < lv.size(); i++) {
ActionListener al =
(ActionListener)lv.elementAt(i);
al.actionPerformed(a);
}
}
class ML extends MouseAdapter {
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) {
Graphics g = getGraphics();
g.setColor(tColor);
g.setFont(
new Font(
"TimesRoman", Font.BOLD, fontSize));
int width =
g.getFontMetrics().stringWidth(text);
g.drawString(text,
(getSize().width - width) /2,
getSize().height/2);
g.dispose();
notifyListeners();
}
}
class MM extends MouseMotionAdapter {
public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent e) {
xm = e.getX();
ym = e.getY();
repaint();
}
}
// Testing the BangBean2:
public static void main(String[] args) {
BangBean2 bb = new BangBean2();
bb.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
System.out.println("ActionEvent" + e);
}
});
bb.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
System.out.println("BangBean2 action");
}
});
bb.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
System.out.println("More action");
}
});
Frame aFrame = new Frame("BangBean2 Test");
aFrame.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter(){
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
System.exit(0);
}
});
aFrame.add(bb, BorderLayout.CENTER);
aFrame.setSize(300,300);
aFrame.setVisible(true);
}
} ///:~//: Blocking.java
// Demonstrates the various ways a thread
// can be blocked.
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
import java.io.*;
//////////// The basic framework ///////////
class Blockable extends Thread {
private Peeker peeker;
protected TextField state = new TextField(40);
protected int i;
public Blockable(Container c) {
c.add(state);
peeker = new Peeker(this, c);
}
public synchronized int read() { return i; }
protected synchronized void update() {
state.setText(getClass().getName()
+ " state: i = " + i);
}
public void stopPeeker() {
// peeker.stop(); Deprecated in Java 1.2
peeker.terminate(); // The preferred approach
}
}
class Peeker extends Thread {
private Blockable b;
private int session;
private TextField status = new TextField(40);
private boolean stop = false;
public Peeker(Blockable b, Container c) {
c.add(status);
this.b = b;
start();
}
public void terminate() { stop = true; }
public void run() {
while (!stop) {
status.setText(b.getClass().getName()
+ " Peeker " + (++session)
+ "; value = " + b.read());
try {
sleep(100);
} catch (InterruptedException e){}
}
}
} ///:Continued///:Continuing
///////////// Blocking via sleep() ///////////
class Sleeper1 extends Blockable {
public Sleeper1(Container c) { super(c); }
public synchronized void run() {
while(true) {
i++;
update();
try {
sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e){}
}
}
}
class Sleeper2 extends Blockable {
public Sleeper2(Container c) { super(c); }
public void run() {
while(true) {
change();
try {
sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e){}
}
}
public synchronized void change() {
i++;
update();
}
} ///:Continued///:Continuing
/////////// Blocking via suspend() ///////////
class SuspendResume extends Blockable {
public SuspendResume(Container c) {
super(c);
new Resumer(this);
}
}
class SuspendResume1 extends SuspendResume {
public SuspendResume1(Container c) { super(c);}
public synchronized void run() {
while(true) {
i++;
update();
suspend(); // Deprecated in Java 1.2
}
}
}
class SuspendResume2 extends SuspendResume {
public SuspendResume2(Container c) { super(c);}
public void run() {
while(true) {
change();
suspend(); // Deprecated in Java 1.2
}
}
public synchronized void change() {
i++;
update();
}
}
class Resumer extends Thread {
private SuspendResume sr;
public Resumer(SuspendResume sr) {
this.sr = sr;
start();
}
public void run() {
while(true) {
try {
sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e){}
sr.resume(); // Deprecated in Java 1.2
}
}
} ///:Continuedsynchronized(wn2) {
wn2.notify();
}///:Continuing
/////////// Blocking via wait() ///////////
class WaitNotify1 extends Blockable {
public WaitNotify1(Container c) { super(c); }
public synchronized void run() {
while(true) {
i++;
update();
try {
wait(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e){}
}
}
}
class WaitNotify2 extends Blockable {
public WaitNotify2(Container c) {
super(c);
new Notifier(this);
}
public synchronized void run() {
while(true) {
i++;
update();
try {
wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e){}
}
}
}
class Notifier extends Thread {
private WaitNotify2 wn2;
public Notifier(WaitNotify2 wn2) {
this.wn2 = wn2;
start();
}
public void run() {
while(true) {
try {
sleep(2000);
} catch (InterruptedException e){}
synchronized(wn2) {
wn2.notify();
}
}
}
} ///:Continued///:Continuing
class Sender extends Blockable { // send
private Writer out;
public Sender(Container c, Writer out) {
super(c);
this.out = out;
}
public void run() {
while(true) {
for(char c = 'A'; c <= 'z'; c++) {
try {
i++;
out.write(c);
state.setText("Sender sent: "
+ (char)c);
sleep((int)(3000 * Math.random()));
} catch (InterruptedException e){}
catch (IOException e) {}
}
}
}
}
class Receiver extends Blockable {
private Reader in;
public Receiver(Container c, Reader in) {
super(c);
this.in = in;
}
public void run() {
try {
while(true) {
i++; // Show peeker it's alive
// Blocks until characters are there:
state.setText("Receiver read: "
+ (char)in.read());
}
} catch(IOException e) { e.printStackTrace();}
}
} ///:Continued///:Continuing
/////////// Testing Everything ///////////
public class Blocking extends Applet {
private Button
start = new Button("Start"),
stopPeekers = new Button("Stop Peekers");
private boolean started = false;
private Blockable[] b;
private PipedWriter out;
private PipedReader in;
public void init() {
out = new PipedWriter();
try {
in = new PipedReader(out);
} catch(IOException e) {}
b = new Blockable[] {
new Sleeper1(this),
new Sleeper2(this),
new SuspendResume1(this),
new SuspendResume2(this),
new WaitNotify1(this),
new WaitNotify2(this),
new Sender(this, out),
new Receiver(this, in)
};
start.addActionListener(new StartL());
add(start);
stopPeekers.addActionListener(
new StopPeekersL());
add(stopPeekers);
}
class StartL implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
if(!started) {
started = true;
for(int i = 0; i < b.length; i++)
b[i].start();
}
}
}
class StopPeekersL implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
// Demonstration of the preferred
// alternative to Thread.stop():
for(int i = 0; i < b.length; i++)
b[i].stopPeeker();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Blocking applet = new Blocking();
Frame aFrame = new Frame("Blocking");
aFrame.addWindowListener(
new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
System.exit(0);
}
});
aFrame.add(applet, BorderLayout.CENTER);
aFrame.setSize(350,550);
applet.init();
applet.start();
aFrame.setVisible(true);
}
} ///:~//: Interrupt.java
// The alternative approach to using stop()
// when a thread is blocked
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
class Blocked extends Thread {
public synchronized void run() {
try {
wait(); // Blocks
} catch(InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println("InterruptedException");
}
System.out.println("Exiting run()");
}
}
public class Interrupt extends Applet {
private Button
interrupt = new Button("Interrupt");
private Blocked blocked = new Blocked();
public void init() {
add(interrupt);
interrupt.addActionListener(
new ActionListener() {
public
void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
System.out.println("Button pressed");
if(blocked == null) return;
Thread remove = blocked;
blocked = null; // to release it
remove.interrupt();
}
});
blocked.start();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Interrupt applet = new Interrupt();
Frame aFrame = new Frame("Interrupt");
aFrame.addWindowListener(
new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
System.exit(0);
}
});
aFrame.add(applet, BorderLayout.CENTER);
aFrame.setSize(200,100);
applet.init();
applet.start();
aFrame.setVisible(true);
}
} ///:~//: Suspend.java
// The alternative approach to using suspend()
// and resume(), which have been deprecated
// in Java 1.2.
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
public class Suspend extends Applet {
private TextField t = new TextField(10);
private Button
suspend = new Button("Suspend"),
resume = new Button("Resume");
class Suspendable extends Thread {
private int count = 0;
private boolean suspended = false;
public Suspendable() { start(); }
public void fauxSuspend() {
suspended = true;
}
public synchronized void fauxResume() {
suspended = false;
notify();
}
public void run() {
while (true) {
try {
sleep(100);
synchronized(this) {
while(suspended)
wait();
}
} catch (InterruptedException e){}
t.setText(Integer.toString(count++));
}
}
}
private Suspendable ss = new Suspendable();
public void init() {
add(t);
suspend.addActionListener(
new ActionListener() {
public
void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
ss.fauxSuspend();
}
});
add(suspend);
resume.addActionListener(
new ActionListener() {
public
void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
ss.fauxResume();
}
});
add(resume);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Suspend applet = new Suspend();
Frame aFrame = new Frame("Suspend");
aFrame.addWindowListener(
new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e){
System.exit(0);
}
});
aFrame.add(applet, BorderLayout.CENTER);
aFrame.setSize(300,100);
applet.init();
applet.start();
aFrame.setVisible(true);
}
} ///:~//: Counter5.java
// Adjusting the priorities of threads
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
class Ticker2 extends Thread {
private Button
b = new Button("Toggle"),
incPriority = new Button("up"),
decPriority = new Button("down");
private TextField
t = new TextField(10),
pr = new TextField(3); // Display priority
private int count = 0;
private boolean runFlag = true;
public Ticker2(Container c) {
b.addActionListener(new ToggleL());
incPriority.addActionListener(new UpL());
decPriority.addActionListener(new DownL());
Panel p = new Panel();
p.add(t);
p.add(pr);
p.add(b);
p.add(incPriority);
p.add(decPriority);
c.add(p);
}
class ToggleL implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
runFlag = !runFlag;
}
}
class UpL implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
int newPriority = getPriority() + 1;
if(newPriority > Thread.MAX_PRIORITY)
newPriority = Thread.MAX_PRIORITY;
setPriority(newPriority);
}
}
class DownL implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
int newPriority = getPriority() - 1;
if(newPriority < Thread.MIN_PRIORITY)
newPriority = Thread.MIN_PRIORITY;
setPriority(newPriority);
}
}
public void run() {
while (true) {
if(runFlag) {
t.setText(Integer.toString(count++));
pr.setText(
Integer.toString(getPriority()));
}
yield();
}
}
}
public class Counter5 extends Applet {
private Button
start = new Button("Start"),
upMax = new Button("Inc Max Priority"),
downMax = new Button("Dec Max Priority");
private boolean started = false;
private static final int SIZE = 10;
private Ticker2[] s = new Ticker2[SIZE];
private TextField mp = new TextField(3);
public void init() {
for(int i = 0; i < s.length; i++)
s[i] = new Ticker2(this);
add(new Label("MAX_PRIORITY = "
+ Thread.MAX_PRIORITY));
add(new Label("MIN_PRIORITY = "
+ Thread.MIN_PRIORITY));
add(new Label("Group Max Priority = "));
add(mp);
add(start);
add(upMax); add(downMax);
start.addActionListener(new StartL());
upMax.addActionListener(new UpMaxL());
downMax.addActionListener(new DownMaxL());
showMaxPriority();
// Recursively display parent thread groups:
ThreadGroup parent =
s[0].getThreadGroup().getParent();
while(parent != null) {
add(new Label(
"Parent threadgroup max priority = "
+ parent.getMaxPriority()));
parent = parent.getParent();
}
}
public void showMaxPriority() {
mp.setText(Integer.toString(
s[0].getThreadGroup().getMaxPriority()));
}
class StartL implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
if(!started) {
started = true;
for(int i = 0; i < s.length; i++)
s[i].start();
}
}
}
class UpMaxL implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
int maxp =
s[0].getThreadGroup().getMaxPriority();
if(++maxp > Thread.MAX_PRIORITY)
maxp = Thread.MAX_PRIORITY;
s[0].getThreadGroup().setMaxPriority(maxp);
showMaxPriority();
}
}
class DownMaxL implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
int maxp =
s[0].getThreadGroup().getMaxPriority();
if(--maxp < Thread.MIN_PRIORITY)
maxp = Thread.MIN_PRIORITY;
s[0].getThreadGroup().setMaxPriority(maxp);
showMaxPriority();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Counter5 applet = new Counter5();
Frame aFrame = new Frame("Counter5");
aFrame.addWindowListener(
new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
System.exit(0);
}
});
aFrame.add(applet, BorderLayout.CENTER);
aFrame.setSize(300, 600);
applet.init();
applet.start();
aFrame.setVisible(true);
}
} ///:~//: TestAccess.java
// How threads can access other threads
// in a parent thread group
public class TestAccess {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ThreadGroup
x = new ThreadGroup("x"),
y = new ThreadGroup(x, "y"),
z = new ThreadGroup(y, "z");
Thread
one = new TestThread1(x, "one"),
two = new TestThread2(z, "two");
}
}
class TestThread1 extends Thread {
private int i;
TestThread1(ThreadGroup g, String name) {
super(g, name);
}
void f() {
i++; // modify this thread
System.out.println(getName() + " f()");
}
}
class TestThread2 extends TestThread1 {
TestThread2(ThreadGroup g, String name) {
super(g, name);
start();
}
public void run() {
ThreadGroup g =
getThreadGroup().getParent().getParent();
g.list();
Thread[] gAll = new Thread[g.activeCount()];
g.enumerate(gAll);
for(int i = 0; i < gAll.length; i++) {
gAll[i].setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);
((TestThread1)gAll[i]).f();
}
g.list();
}
} ///:~java.lang.ThreadGroup[name=x,maxpri=10]
Thread[one,5,x]
java.lang.ThreadGroup[name=y,maxpri=10]
java.lang.ThreadGroup[name=z,maxpri=10]
Thread[two,5,z]
one f()
two f()
java.lang.ThreadGroup[name=x,maxpri=10]
Thread[one,1,x]
java.lang.ThreadGroup[name=y,maxpri=10]
java.lang.ThreadGroup[name=z,maxpri=10]
Thread[two,1,z]//: ThreadGroup1.java
// How thread groups control priorities
// of the threads inside them.
public class ThreadGroup1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Get the system thread & print its Info:
ThreadGroup sys =
Thread.currentThread().getThreadGroup();
sys.list(); // (1)
// Reduce the system thread group priority:
sys.setMaxPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY - 1);
// Increase the main thread priority:
Thread curr = Thread.currentThread();
curr.setPriority(curr.getPriority() + 1);
sys.list(); // (2)
// Attempt to set a new group to the max:
ThreadGroup g1 = new ThreadGroup("g1");
g1.setMaxPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
// Attempt to set a new thread to the max:
Thread t = new Thread(g1, "A");
t.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
g1.list(); // (3)
// Reduce g1's max priority, then attempt
// to increase it:
g1.setMaxPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY - 2);
g1.setMaxPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
g1.list(); // (4)
// Attempt to set a new thread to the max:
t = new Thread(g1, "B");
t.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
g1.list(); // (5)
// Lower the max priority below the default
// thread priority:
g1.setMaxPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY + 2);
// Look at a new thread's priority before
// and after changing it:
t = new Thread(g1, "C");
g1.list(); // (6)
t.setPriority(t.getPriority() -1);
g1.list(); // (7)
// Make g2 a child Threadgroup of g1 and
// try to increase its priority:
ThreadGroup g2 = new ThreadGroup(g1, "g2");
g2.list(); // (8)
g2.setMaxPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
g2.list(); // (9)
// Add a bunch of new threads to g2:
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
new Thread(g2, Integer.toString(i));
// Show information about all threadgroups
// and threads:
sys.list(); // (10)
System.out.println("Starting all threads:");
Thread[] all = new Thread[sys.activeCount()];
sys.enumerate(all);
for(int i = 0; i < all.length; i++)
if(!all[i].isAlive())
all[i].start();
// Suspends & Stops all threads in
// this group and its subgroups:
System.out.println("All threads started");
sys.suspend(); // Deprecated in Java 1.2
// Never gets here...
System.out.println("All threads suspended");
sys.stop(); // Deprecated in Java 1.2
System.out.println("All threads stopped");
}
} ///:~(1) ThreadGroup[name=system,maxpri=10]
Thread[main,5,system]
(2) ThreadGroup[name=system,maxpri=9]
Thread[main,6,system]
(3) ThreadGroup[name=g1,maxpri=9]
Thread[A,9,g1]
(4) ThreadGroup[name=g1,maxpri=8]
Thread[A,9,g1]
(5) ThreadGroup[name=g1,maxpri=8]
Thread[A,9,g1]
Thread[B,8,g1]
(6) ThreadGroup[name=g1,maxpri=3]
Thread[A,9,g1]
Thread[B,8,g1]
Thread[C,6,g1]
(7) ThreadGroup[name=g1,maxpri=3]
Thread[A,9,g1]
Thread[B,8,g1]
Thread[C,3,g1]
(8) ThreadGroup[name=g2,maxpri=3]
(9) ThreadGroup[name=g2,maxpri=3]
(10)ThreadGroup[name=system,maxpri=9]
Thread[main,6,system]
ThreadGroup[name=g1,maxpri=3]
Thread[A,9,g1]
Thread[B,8,g1]
Thread[C,3,g1]
ThreadGroup[name=g2,maxpri=3]
Thread[0,6,g2]
Thread[1,6,g2]
Thread[2,6,g2]
Thread[3,6,g2]
Thread[4,6,g2]
Starting all threads:
All threads started(1) ThreadGroup[name=system,maxpri=10]
Thread[main,5,system](2) ThreadGroup[name=system,maxpri=9]
Thread[main,6,system](3) ThreadGroup[name=g1,maxpri=9]
Thread[A,9,g1](4) ThreadGroup[name=g1,maxpri=8]
Thread[A,9,g1](5) ThreadGroup[name=g1,maxpri=8]
Thread[A,9,g1]
Thread[B,8,g1](6) ThreadGroup[name=g1,maxpri=3]
Thread[A,9,g1]
Thread[B,8,g1]
Thread[C,6,g1](7) ThreadGroup[name=g1,maxpri=3]
Thread[A,9,g1]
Thread[B,8,g1]
Thread[C,3,g1](8) ThreadGroup[name=g2,maxpri=3] (9) ThreadGroup[name=g2,maxpri=3]
(10)ThreadGroup[name=system,maxpri=9]
Thread[main,6,system]
ThreadGroup[name=g1,maxpri=3]
Thread[A,9,g1]
Thread[B,8,g1]
Thread[C,3,g1]
ThreadGroup[name=g2,maxpri=3]
Thread[0,6,g2]
Thread[1,6,g2]
Thread[2,6,g2]
Thread[3,6,g2]
Thread[4,6,g2]//: ColorBoxes.java
// Using the Runnable interface
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
class CBox extends Canvas implements Runnable {
private Thread t;
private int pause;
private static final Color[] colors = {
Color.black, Color.blue, Color.cyan,
Color.darkGray, Color.gray, Color.green,
Color.lightGray, Color.magenta,
Color.orange, Color.pink, Color.red,
Color.white, Color.yellow
};
private Color cColor = newColor();
private static final Color newColor() {
return colors[
(int)(Math.random() * colors.length)
];
}
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.setColor(cColor);
Dimension s = getSize();
g.fillRect(0, 0, s.width, s.height);
}
public CBox(int pause) {
this.pause = pause;
t = new Thread(this);
t.start();
}
public void run() {
while(true) {
cColor = newColor();
repaint();
try {
t.sleep(pause);
} catch(InterruptedException e) {}
}
}
}
public class ColorBoxes extends Frame {
public ColorBoxes(int pause, int grid) {
setTitle("ColorBoxes");
setLayout(new GridLayout(grid, grid));
for (int i = 0; i < grid * grid; i++)
add(new CBox(pause));
addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
System.exit(0);
}
});
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int pause = 50;
int grid = 8;
if(args.length > 0)
pause = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
if(args.length > 1)
grid = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
Frame f = new ColorBoxes(pause, grid);
f.setSize(500, 400);
f.setVisible(true);
}
} ///:~//: ColorBoxes2.java
// Balancing thread use
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.util.*;
class CBox2 extends Canvas {
private static final Color[] colors = {
Color.black, Color.blue, Color.cyan,
Color.darkGray, Color.gray, Color.green,
Color.lightGray, Color.magenta,
Color.orange, Color.pink, Color.red,
Color.white, Color.yellow
};
private Color cColor = newColor();
private static final Color newColor() {
return colors[
(int)(Math.random() * colors.length)
];
}
void nextColor() {
cColor = newColor();
repaint();
}
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.setColor(cColor);
Dimension s = getSize();
g.fillRect(0, 0, s.width, s.height);
}
}
class CBoxVector
extends Vector implements Runnable {
private Thread t;
private int pause;
public CBoxVector(int pause) {
this.pause = pause;
t = new Thread(this);
}
public void go() { t.start(); }
public void run() {
while(true) {
int i = (int)(Math.random() * size());
((CBox2)elementAt(i)).nextColor();
try {
t.sleep(pause);
} catch(InterruptedException e) {}
}
}
}
public class ColorBoxes2 extends Frame {
private CBoxVector[] v;
public ColorBoxes2(int pause, int grid) {
setTitle("ColorBoxes2");
setLayout(new GridLayout(grid, grid));
v = new CBoxVector[grid];
for(int i = 0; i < grid; i++)
v[i] = new CBoxVector(pause);
for (int i = 0; i < grid * grid; i++) {
v[i % grid].addElement(new CBox2());
add((CBox2)v[i % grid].lastElement());
}
for(int i = 0; i < grid; i++)
v[i].go();
addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
System.exit(0);
}
});
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Shorter default pause than ColorBoxes:
int pause = 5;
int grid = 8;
if(args.length > 0)
pause = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
if(args.length > 1)
grid = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
Frame f = new ColorBoxes2(pause, grid);
f.setSize(500, 400);
f.setVisible(true);
}
} ///:~