第11章 运行期类型鉴定

运行期类型鉴定（RTTI）的概念初看非常简单——手上只有基础类型的一个句柄时，利用它判断一个对象的正确类型。
然而，对RTTI的需要暴露出了面向对象设计许多有趣（而且经常是令人困惑的）的问题，并把程序的构造问题正式摆上了桌面。
本章将讨论如何利用Java在运行期间查找对象和类信息。这主要采取两种形式：一种是“传统”RTTI，它假定我们已在编译和运行期拥有所有类型；另一种是Java1.1特有的“反射”机制，利用它可在运行期独立查找类信息。首先讨论“传统”的RTTI，再讨论反射问题。

11.1 对RTTI的需要
请考虑下面这个熟悉的类结构例子，它利用了多形性。常规类型是Shape类，而特别衍生出来的类型是Circle，Square和Triangle。

这是一个典型的类结构示意图，基础类位于顶部，衍生类向下延展。面向对象编程的基本目标是用大量代码控制基础类型（这里是Shape）的句柄，所以假如决定添加一个新类（比如Rhomboid，从Shape衍生），从而对程序进行扩展，那么不会影响到原来的代码。在这个例子中，Shape接口中的动态绑定方法是draw()，所以客户程序员要做的是通过一个普通Shape句柄调用draw()。draw()在所有衍生类里都会被覆盖。而且由于它是一个动态绑定方法，所以即使通过一个普通的Shape句柄调用它，也有表现出正确的行为。这正是多形性的作用。
所以，我们一般创建一个特定的对象（Circle，Square，或者Triangle），把它上溯造型到一个Shape（忽略对象的特殊类型），以后便在程序的剩余部分使用匿名Shape句柄。
作为对多形性和上溯造型的一个简要回顾，可以象下面这样为上述例子编码（若执行这个程序时出现困难，请参考第3章3.1.2小节“赋值”）：

//: Shapes.java
package c11;
import java.util.*;

interface Shape {
  void draw();
}

class Circle implements Shape {
  public void draw() {
    System.out.println("Circle.draw()");
  }
}

class Square implements Shape {
  public void draw() {
    System.out.println("Square.draw()");
  }
}

class Triangle implements Shape {
  public void draw() {
    System.out.println("Triangle.draw()");
  }
}

public class Shapes {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Vector s = new Vector();
    s.addElement(new Circle());
    s.addElement(new Square());
    s.addElement(new Triangle());
    Enumeration e = s.elements();
    while(e.hasMoreElements())
      ((Shape)e.nextElement()).draw();
  }
} ///:~

//: SweetShop.java
// Examination of the way the class loader works

class Candy {
  static {
    System.out.println("Loading Candy");
  }
}

class Gum {
  static {
    System.out.println("Loading Gum");
  }
}

class Cookie {
  static {
    System.out.println("Loading Cookie");
  }
}

public class SweetShop {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    System.out.println("inside main");
    new Candy();
    System.out.println("After creating Candy");
    try {
      Class.forName("Gum");
    } catch(ClassNotFoundException e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
    }
    System.out.println(
      "After Class.forName(\"Gum\")");
    new Cookie();
    System.out.println("After creating Cookie");
  }
} ///:~

inside main
Loading Candy
After creating Candy
Loading Gum
After Class.forName("Gum")
Loading Cookie
After creating Cookie

Loading Candy
Loading Cookie
inside main
After creating Candy
Loading Gum
After Class.forName("Gum")
After creating Cookie

//: PetCount.java
// Using instanceof
package c11.petcount;
import java.util.*;

class Pet {}
class Dog extends Pet {}
class Pug extends Dog {}
class Cat extends Pet {}
class Rodent extends Pet {}
class Gerbil extends Rodent {}
class Hamster extends Rodent {}

class Counter { int i; }

public class PetCount {
  static String[] typenames = {
    "Pet", "Dog", "Pug", "Cat",
    "Rodent", "Gerbil", "Hamster",
  };
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Vector pets = new Vector();
    try {
      Class[] petTypes = {
        Class.forName("c11.petcount.Dog"),
        Class.forName("c11.petcount.Pug"),
        Class.forName("c11.petcount.Cat"),
        Class.forName("c11.petcount.Rodent"),
        Class.forName("c11.petcount.Gerbil"),
        Class.forName("c11.petcount.Hamster"),
      };
      for(int i = 0; i < 15; i++)
        pets.addElement(
          petTypes[
            (int)(Math.random()*petTypes.length)]
            .newInstance());
    } catch(InstantiationException e) {}
      catch(IllegalAccessException e) {}
      catch(ClassNotFoundException e) {}
    Hashtable h = new Hashtable();
    for(int i = 0; i < typenames.length; i++)
      h.put(typenames[i], new Counter());
    for(int i = 0; i < pets.size(); i++) {
      Object o = pets.elementAt(i);
      if(o instanceof Pet)
        ((Counter)h.get("Pet")).i++;
      if(o instanceof Dog)
        ((Counter)h.get("Dog")).i++;
      if(o instanceof Pug)
        ((Counter)h.get("Pug")).i++;
      if(o instanceof Cat)
        ((Counter)h.get("Cat")).i++;
      if(o instanceof Rodent)
        ((Counter)h.get("Rodent")).i++;
      if(o instanceof Gerbil)
        ((Counter)h.get("Gerbil")).i++;
      if(o instanceof Hamster)
        ((Counter)h.get("Hamster")).i++;
    }
    for(int i = 0; i < pets.size(); i++)
      System.out.println(
        pets.elementAt(i).getClass().toString());
    for(int i = 0; i < typenames.length; i++)
      System.out.println(
        typenames[i] + " quantity: " +
        ((Counter)h.get(typenames[i])).i);
  }
} ///:~

//: PetCount2.java
// Using Java 1.1 class literals
package c11.petcount2;
import java.util.*;

class Pet {}
class Dog extends Pet {}
class Pug extends Dog {}
class Cat extends Pet {}
class Rodent extends Pet {}
class Gerbil extends Rodent {}
class Hamster extends Rodent {}

class Counter { int i; }

public class PetCount2 {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Vector pets = new Vector();
    Class[] petTypes = {
      // Class literals work in Java 1.1+ only:
      Pet.class,
      Dog.class,
      Pug.class,
      Cat.class,
      Rodent.class,
      Gerbil.class,
      Hamster.class,
    };
    try {
      for(int i = 0; i < 15; i++) {
        // Offset by one to eliminate Pet.class:
        int rnd = 1 + (int)(
          Math.random() * (petTypes.length - 1));
        pets.addElement(
          petTypes[rnd].newInstance());
      }
    } catch(InstantiationException e) {}
      catch(IllegalAccessException e) {}
    Hashtable h = new Hashtable();
    for(int i = 0; i < petTypes.length; i++)
      h.put(petTypes[i].toString(),
        new Counter());
    for(int i = 0; i < pets.size(); i++) {
      Object o = pets.elementAt(i);
      if(o instanceof Pet)
        ((Counter)h.get(
          "class c11.petcount2.Pet")).i++;
      if(o instanceof Dog)
        ((Counter)h.get(
          "class c11.petcount2.Dog")).i++;
      if(o instanceof Pug)
        ((Counter)h.get(
          "class c11.petcount2.Pug")).i++;
      if(o instanceof Cat)
        ((Counter)h.get(
          "class c11.petcount2.Cat")).i++;
      if(o instanceof Rodent)
        ((Counter)h.get(
          "class c11.petcount2.Rodent")).i++;
      if(o instanceof Gerbil)
        ((Counter)h.get(
          "class c11.petcount2.Gerbil")).i++;
      if(o instanceof Hamster)
        ((Counter)h.get(
          "class c11.petcount2.Hamster")).i++;
    }
    for(int i = 0; i < pets.size(); i++)
      System.out.println(
        pets.elementAt(i).getClass().toString());
    Enumeration keys = h.keys();
    while(keys.hasMoreElements()) {
      String nm = (String)keys.nextElement();
      Counter cnt = (Counter)h.get(nm);
      System.out.println(
        nm.substring(nm.lastIndexOf('.') + 1) + 
        " quantity: " + cnt.i);
    }
  }
} ///:~

//: PetCount3.java
// Using Java 1.1 isInstance()
package c11.petcount3;
import java.util.*;

class Pet {}
class Dog extends Pet {}
class Pug extends Dog {}
class Cat extends Pet {}
class Rodent extends Pet {}
class Gerbil extends Rodent {}
class Hamster extends Rodent {}

class Counter { int i; }

public class PetCount3 {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Vector pets = new Vector();
    Class[] petTypes = {
      Pet.class,
      Dog.class,
      Pug.class,
      Cat.class,
      Rodent.class,
      Gerbil.class,
      Hamster.class,
    };
    try {
      for(int i = 0; i < 15; i++) {
        // Offset by one to eliminate Pet.class:
        int rnd = 1 + (int)(
          Math.random() * (petTypes.length - 1));
        pets.addElement(
          petTypes[rnd].newInstance());
      }
    } catch(InstantiationException e) {}
      catch(IllegalAccessException e) {}
    Hashtable h = new Hashtable();
    for(int i = 0; i < petTypes.length; i++)
      h.put(petTypes[i].toString(),
        new Counter());
    for(int i = 0; i < pets.size(); i++) {
      Object o = pets.elementAt(i);
      // Using isInstance to eliminate individual
      // instanceof expressions:
      for (int j = 0; j < petTypes.length; ++j)
        if (petTypes[j].isInstance(o)) {
          String key = petTypes[j].toString();
          ((Counter)h.get(key)).i++;
        }
    }
    for(int i = 0; i < pets.size(); i++)
      System.out.println(
        pets.elementAt(i).getClass().toString());
    Enumeration keys = h.keys();
    while(keys.hasMoreElements()) {
      String nm = (String)keys.nextElement();
      Counter cnt = (Counter)h.get(nm);
      System.out.println(
        nm.substring(nm.lastIndexOf('.') + 1) + 
        " quantity: " + cnt.i);
    }
  }
} ///:~

//: ToyTest.java
// Testing class Class

interface HasBatteries {}
interface Waterproof {}
interface ShootsThings {}
class Toy {
  // Comment out the following default
  // constructor to see 
  // NoSuchMethodError from (*1*)
  Toy() {} 
  Toy(int i) {} 
}

class FancyToy extends Toy 
    implements HasBatteries, 
      Waterproof, ShootsThings {
  FancyToy() { super(1); }
}

public class ToyTest {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Class c = null;
    try {
      c = Class.forName("FancyToy");
    } catch(ClassNotFoundException e) {}
    printInfo(c);
    Class[] faces = c.getInterfaces();
    for(int i = 0; i < faces.length; i++)
      printInfo(faces[i]);
    Class cy = c.getSuperclass();
    Object o = null;
    try {
      // Requires default constructor:
      o = cy.newInstance(); // (*1*)
    } catch(InstantiationException e) {}
      catch(IllegalAccessException e) {}
    printInfo(o.getClass());
  }
  static void printInfo(Class cc) {
    System.out.println(
      "Class name: " + cc.getName() +
      " is interface? [" +
      cc.isInterface() + "]");
  }
} ///:~

Class name: FancyToy is interface? [false]
Class name: HasBatteries is interface? [true]
Class name: Waterproof is interface? [true]
Class name: ShootsThings is interface? [true]
Class name: Toy is interface? [false]

//: ShowMethods.java
// Using Java 1.1 reflection to show all the 
// methods of a class, even if the methods are 
// defined in the base class.
import java.lang.reflect.*;

public class ShowMethods {
  static final String usage =
    "usage: \n" +
    "ShowMethods qualified.class.name\n" +
    "To show all methods in class or: \n" +
    "ShowMethods qualified.class.name word\n" +
    "To search for methods involving 'word'";
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    if(args.length < 1) {
      System.out.println(usage);
      System.exit(0);
    }
    try {
      Class c = Class.forName(args[0]);
      Method[] m = c.getMethods();
      Constructor[] ctor = c.getConstructors();
      if(args.length == 1) {
        for (int i = 0; i < m.length; i++)
          System.out.println(m[i].toString());
        for (int i = 0; i < ctor.length; i++)
          System.out.println(ctor[i].toString());
      } 
      else {
        for (int i = 0; i < m.length; i++)
          if(m[i].toString()
             .indexOf(args[1])!= -1)
            System.out.println(m[i].toString());
        for (int i = 0; i < ctor.length; i++)
          if(ctor[i].toString()
             .indexOf(args[1])!= -1)
          System.out.println(ctor[i].toString());
      }
    } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
      System.out.println("No such class: " + e);
    }
  }
} ///:~

public boolean 
  java.lang.String.startsWith(java.lang.String,int)
public boolean 
  java.lang.String.startsWith(java.lang.String)
public boolean
  java.lang.String.endsWith(java.lang.String)

//: ShowMethodsClean.java
// ShowMethods with the qualifiers stripped
// to make the results easier to read
import java.lang.reflect.*;
import java.io.*;

public class ShowMethodsClean {
  static final String usage =
    "usage: \n" +
    "ShowMethodsClean qualified.class.name\n" +
    "To show all methods in class or: \n" +
    "ShowMethodsClean qualif.class.name word\n" +
    "To search for methods involving 'word'";
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    if(args.length < 1) {
      System.out.println(usage);
      System.exit(0);
    }
    try {
      Class c = Class.forName(args[0]);
      Method[] m = c.getMethods();
      Constructor[] ctor = c.getConstructors();
      // Convert to an array of cleaned Strings:
      String[] n = 
        new String[m.length + ctor.length];
      for(int i = 0; i < m.length; i++) {
        String s = m[i].toString();
        n[i] = StripQualifiers.strip(s);
      }
      for(int i = 0; i < ctor.length; i++) {
        String s = ctor[i].toString();
        n[i + m.length] = 
          StripQualifiers.strip(s);
      }
      if(args.length == 1)
        for (int i = 0; i < n.length; i++)
          System.out.println(n[i]);
      else
        for (int i = 0; i < n.length; i++)
          if(n[i].indexOf(args[1])!= -1)
            System.out.println(n[i]);
    } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
      System.out.println("No such class: " + e);
    }
  }
}

class StripQualifiers {
  private StreamTokenizer st;
  public StripQualifiers(String qualified) {
      st = new StreamTokenizer(
        new StringReader(qualified));
      st.ordinaryChar(' '); // Keep the spaces
  }
  public String getNext() {
    String s = null;
    try {
      if(st.nextToken() !=
            StreamTokenizer.TT_EOF) {
        switch(st.ttype) {
          case StreamTokenizer.TT_EOL:
            s = null;
            break;
          case StreamTokenizer.TT_NUMBER:
            s = Double.toString(st.nval);
            break;
          case StreamTokenizer.TT_WORD:
            s = new String(st.sval);
            break;
          default: // single character in ttype
            s = String.valueOf((char)st.ttype);
        }
      }
    } catch(IOException e) {
      System.out.println(e);
    }
    return s;
  }
  public static String strip(String qualified) {
    StripQualifiers sq = 
      new StripQualifiers(qualified);
    String s = "", si;
    while((si = sq.getNext()) != null) {
      int lastDot = si.lastIndexOf('.');
      if(lastDot != -1)
        si = si.substring(lastDot + 1);
      s += si;
    }
    return s;
  }
} ///:~

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