select --- 等待 I/O 完成

---

This module provides access to the select() and poll() functions available in most operating systems, devpoll() available on Solaris and derivatives, epoll() available on Linux 2.5+ and kqueue() available on most BSD. Note that on Windows, it only works for sockets; on other operating systems, it also works for other file types (in particular, on Unix, it works on pipes). It cannot be used on regular files to determine whether a file has grown since it was last read.

注解

The selectors module allows high-level and efficient I/O multiplexing, built upon the select module primitives. Users are encouraged to use the selectors module instead, unless they want precise control over the OS-level primitives used.

该模块定义以下内容：

exception select.error

一个被弃用的 OSError 的别名。

在 3.3 版更改: 根据 PEP 3151，这个类是 OSError 的别名。

select.devpoll()

(Only supported on Solaris and derivatives.) Returns a /dev/poll polling object; see section /dev/poll Polling Objects below for the methods supported by devpoll objects.

devpoll() objects are linked to the number of file descriptors allowed at the time of instantiation. If your program reduces this value, devpoll() will fail. If your program increases this value, devpoll() may return an incomplete list of active file descriptors.

新的文件描述符 non-inheritable.

3.3 新版功能.

在 3.4 版更改: 新的文件描述符现在是不可继承的。

select.epoll(sizehint=-1, flags=0)

(Only supported on Linux 2.5.44 and newer.) Return an edge polling object, which can be used as Edge or Level Triggered interface for I/O events.

sizehint informs epoll about the expected number of events to be registered. It must be positive, or -1 to use the default. It is only used on older systems where epoll_create1() is not available; otherwise it has no effect (though its value is still checked).

flags is deprecated and completely ignored. However, when supplied, its value must be 0 or select.EPOLL_CLOEXEC, otherwise OSError is raised.

See the Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects section below for the methods supported by epolling objects.

epoll objects support the context management protocol: when used in a with statement, the new file descriptor is automatically closed at the end of the block.

新的文件描述符 non-inheritable.

在 3.3 版更改: 增加了 flags 参数。

在 3.4 版更改: Support for the with statement was added. The new file descriptor is now non-inheritable.

3.4 版后已移除: The flags parameter. select.EPOLL_CLOEXEC is used by default now. Use os.set_inheritable() to make the file descriptor inheritable.

select.poll()

(Not supported by all operating systems.) Returns a polling object, which supports registering and unregistering file descriptors, and then polling them for I/O events; see section Polling Objects below for the methods supported by polling objects.

select.kqueue()

(Only supported on BSD.) Returns a kernel queue object; see section Kqueue 对象 below for the methods supported by kqueue objects.

新的文件描述符 non-inheritable.

在 3.4 版更改: 新的文件描述符现在是不可继承的。

select.kevent(ident, filter=KQ_FILTER_READ, flags=KQ_EV_ADD, fflags=0, data=0, udata=0)

(Only supported on BSD.) Returns a kernel event object; see section Kevent 对象 below for the methods supported by kevent objects.

select.select(rlist, wlist, xlist[, timeout])

This is a straightforward interface to the Unix select() system call. The first three arguments are sequences of 'waitable objects': either integers representing file descriptors or objects with a parameterless method named fileno() returning such an integer:

• rlist: wait until ready for reading

• wlist: wait until ready for writing

• xlist: wait for an "exceptional condition" (see the manual page for what your system considers such a condition)

Empty sequences are allowed, but acceptance of three empty sequences is platform-dependent. (It is known to work on Unix but not on Windows.) The optional timeout argument specifies a time-out as a floating point number in seconds. When the timeout argument is omitted the function blocks until at least one file descriptor is ready. A time-out value of zero specifies a poll and never blocks.

The return value is a triple of lists of objects that are ready: subsets of the first three arguments. When the time-out is reached without a file descriptor becoming ready, three empty lists are returned.

Among the acceptable object types in the sequences are Python file objects (e.g. sys.stdin, or objects returned by open() or os.popen()), socket objects returned by socket.socket(). You may also define a wrapper class yourself, as long as it has an appropriate fileno() method (that really returns a file descriptor, not just a random integer).

注解

File objects on Windows are not acceptable, but sockets are. On Windows, the underlying select() function is provided by the WinSock library, and does not handle file descriptors that don't originate from WinSock.

在 3.5 版更改: The function is now retried with a recomputed timeout when interrupted by a signal, except if the signal handler raises an exception (see PEP 475 for the rationale), instead of raising InterruptedError.

select.PIPE_BUF

The minimum number of bytes which can be written without blocking to a pipe when the pipe has been reported as ready for writing by select(), poll() or another interface in this module. This doesn't apply to other kind of file-like objects such as sockets.

This value is guaranteed by POSIX to be at least 512.

Availability: Unix

3.2 新版功能.

/dev/poll Polling Objects

Solaris and derivatives have /dev/poll. While select() is O(highest file descriptor) and poll() is O(number of file descriptors), /dev/poll is O(active file descriptors).

/dev/poll behaviour is very close to the standard poll() object.

devpoll.close()

Close the file descriptor of the polling object.

3.4 新版功能.

devpoll.closed

True if the polling object is closed.

3.4 新版功能.

devpoll.fileno()

Return the file descriptor number of the polling object.

3.4 新版功能.

devpoll.register(fd[, eventmask])

Register a file descriptor with the polling object. Future calls to the poll() method will then check whether the file descriptor has any pending I/O events. fd can be either an integer, or an object with a fileno() method that returns an integer. File objects implement fileno(), so they can also be used as the argument.

eventmask is an optional bitmask describing the type of events you want to check for. The constants are the same that with poll() object. The default value is a combination of the constants POLLIN, POLLPRI, and POLLOUT.

警告

Registering a file descriptor that's already registered is not an error, but the result is undefined. The appropriate action is to unregister or modify it first. This is an important difference compared with poll().

devpoll.modify(fd[, eventmask])

This method does an unregister() followed by a register(). It is (a bit) more efficient that doing the same explicitly.

devpoll.unregister(fd)

Remove a file descriptor being tracked by a polling object. Just like the register() method, fd can be an integer or an object with a fileno() method that returns an integer.

Attempting to remove a file descriptor that was never registered is safely ignored.

devpoll.poll([timeout])

Polls the set of registered file descriptors, and returns a possibly-empty list containing (fd, event) 2-tuples for the descriptors that have events or errors to report. fd is the file descriptor, and event is a bitmask with bits set for the reported events for that descriptor --- POLLIN for waiting input, POLLOUT to indicate that the descriptor can be written to, and so forth. An empty list indicates that the call timed out and no file descriptors had any events to report. If timeout is given, it specifies the length of time in milliseconds which the system will wait for events before returning. If timeout is omitted, -1, or None, the call will block until there is an event for this poll object.

在 3.5 版更改: The function is now retried with a recomputed timeout when interrupted by a signal, except if the signal handler raises an exception (see PEP 475 for the rationale), instead of raising InterruptedError.

Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects

https://linux.die.net/man/4/epoll

屏蔽事件

常数	意义
EPOLLIN	可读
EPOLLOUT	可写
EPOLLPRI	紧急数据读取
EPOLLERR	Error condition happened on the assoc. fd
EPOLLHUP	Hang up happened on the assoc. fd
EPOLLET	Set Edge Trigger behavior, the default is Level Trigger behavior
EPOLLONESHOT	Set one-shot behavior. After one event is pulled out, the fd is internally disabled
EPOLLEXCLUSIVE	Wake only one epoll object when the associated fd has an event. The default (if this flag is not set) is to wake all epoll objects polling on a fd.
EPOLLRDHUP	Stream socket peer closed connection or shut down writing half of connection.
EPOLLRDNORM	Equivalent to EPOLLIN
EPOLLRDBAND	可以读取优先数据带。
EPOLLWRNORM	Equivalent to EPOLLOUT
EPOLLWRBAND	可以写入优先级数据。
EPOLLMSG	忽略

3.6 新版功能: EPOLLEXCLUSIVE was added. It's only supported by Linux Kernel 4.5 or later.

epoll.close()

Close the control file descriptor of the epoll object.

epoll.closed

True if the epoll object is closed.

epoll.fileno()

Return the file descriptor number of the control fd.

epoll.fromfd(fd)

Create an epoll object from a given file descriptor.

epoll.register(fd[, eventmask])

Register a fd descriptor with the epoll object.

epoll.modify(fd, eventmask)

Modify a registered file descriptor.

epoll.unregister(fd)

Remove a registered file descriptor from the epoll object.

epoll.poll(timeout=None, maxevents=-1)

Wait for events. timeout in seconds (float)

在 3.5 版更改: The function is now retried with a recomputed timeout when interrupted by a signal, except if the signal handler raises an exception (see PEP 475 for the rationale), instead of raising InterruptedError.

Polling Objects

The poll() system call, supported on most Unix systems, provides better scalability for network servers that service many, many clients at the same time. poll() scales better because the system call only requires listing the file descriptors of interest, while select() builds a bitmap, turns on bits for the fds of interest, and then afterward the whole bitmap has to be linearly scanned again. select() is O(highest file descriptor), while poll() is O(number of file descriptors).

poll.register(fd[, eventmask])

Register a file descriptor with the polling object. Future calls to the poll() method will then check whether the file descriptor has any pending I/O events. fd can be either an integer, or an object with a fileno() method that returns an integer. File objects implement fileno(), so they can also be used as the argument.

eventmask is an optional bitmask describing the type of events you want to check for, and can be a combination of the constants POLLIN, POLLPRI, and POLLOUT, described in the table below. If not specified, the default value used will check for all 3 types of events.

常数	意义
POLLIN	有要读取的数据
POLLPRI	有紧急数据需要读取
POLLOUT	准备输出：写不会阻塞
POLLERR	某种错误条件
POLLHUP	挂起
POLLRDHUP	流套接字对等体关闭连接，或关闭写入一半连接
POLLNVAL	无效的请求：描述符未打开

Registering a file descriptor that's already registered is not an error, and has the same effect as registering the descriptor exactly once.

poll.modify(fd, eventmask)

Modifies an already registered fd. This has the same effect as register(fd, eventmask). Attempting to modify a file descriptor that was never registered causes an OSError exception with errno ENOENT to be raised.

poll.unregister(fd)

Remove a file descriptor being tracked by a polling object. Just like the register() method, fd can be an integer or an object with a fileno() method that returns an integer.

Attempting to remove a file descriptor that was never registered causes a KeyError exception to be raised.

poll.poll([timeout])

Polls the set of registered file descriptors, and returns a possibly-empty list containing (fd, event) 2-tuples for the descriptors that have events or errors to report. fd is the file descriptor, and event is a bitmask with bits set for the reported events for that descriptor --- POLLIN for waiting input, POLLOUT to indicate that the descriptor can be written to, and so forth. An empty list indicates that the call timed out and no file descriptors had any events to report. If timeout is given, it specifies the length of time in milliseconds which the system will wait for events before returning. If timeout is omitted, negative, or None, the call will block until there is an event for this poll object.

在 3.5 版更改: The function is now retried with a recomputed timeout when interrupted by a signal, except if the signal handler raises an exception (see PEP 475 for the rationale), instead of raising InterruptedError.

Kqueue 对象

kqueue.close()

Close the control file descriptor of the kqueue object.

kqueue.closed

True if the kqueue object is closed.

kqueue.fileno()

Return the file descriptor number of the control fd.

kqueue.fromfd(fd)

Create a kqueue object from a given file descriptor.

kqueue.control(changelist, max_events[, timeout]) → eventlist

Low level interface to kevent

• changelist must be an iterable of kevent objects or None

• max_events must be 0 or a positive integer

• timeout in seconds (floats possible); the default is None, to wait forever

在 3.5 版更改: The function is now retried with a recomputed timeout when interrupted by a signal, except if the signal handler raises an exception (see PEP 475 for the rationale), instead of raising InterruptedError.

Kevent 对象

https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=kqueue&sektion=2

kevent.ident

Value used to identify the event. The interpretation depends on the filter but it's usually the file descriptor. In the constructor ident can either be an int or an object with a fileno() method. kevent stores the integer internally.

kevent.filter

内核过滤器的名称。

常数	意义
KQ_FILTER_READ	获取描述符，并在有数据可读时返回
KQ_FILTER_WRITE	获取描述符，并在有数据可写时返回
KQ_FILTER_AIO	AIO 请求
KQ_FILTER_VNODE	当在 fflag 中监视的一个或多个请求事件发生时返回
KQ_FILTER_PROC	监视进程ID上的事件
KQ_FILTER_NETDEV	观察网络设备上的事件[在Mac OS X上不可用]
KQ_FILTER_SIGNAL	每当监视的信号传递到进程时返回
KQ_FILTER_TIMER	建立一个任意的计时器

kevent.flags

筛选器操作。

常数	意义
KQ_EV_ADD	添加或修改事件
KQ_EV_DELETE	从队列中删除事件
KQ_EV_ENABLE	Permitscontrol() 返回事件
KQ_EV_DISABLE	禁用事件
KQ_EV_ONESHOT	在第一次发生后删除事件
KQ_EV_CLEAR	检索事件后重置状态
KQ_EV_SYSFLAGS	内部事件
KQ_EV_FLAG1	内部事件
KQ_EV_EOF	筛选特定EOF条件
KQ_EV_ERROR	请参阅返回值

kevent.fflags

筛选特定标志。

KQ_FILTER_READ 和 KQ_FILTER_WRITE 过滤标志：

常数	意义
KQ_NOTE_LOWAT	套接字缓冲区的低水线

KQ_FILTER_VNODE 过滤标志：

常数	意义
KQ_NOTE_DELETE	已调用 unlink()
KQ_NOTE_WRITE	发生写入
KQ_NOTE_EXTEND	文件已扩展
KQ_NOTE_ATTRIB	属性已更改
KQ_NOTE_LINK	链接计数已更改
KQ_NOTE_RENAME	文件已重命名
KQ_NOTE_REVOKE	对文件的访问权限已被撤销

KQ_FILTER_PROC filter flags:

常数	意义
KQ_NOTE_EXIT	进程已退出
KQ_NOTE_FORK	该进程调用了 fork()
KQ_NOTE_EXEC	进程已执行新进程
KQ_NOTE_PCTRLMASK	内部过滤器标志
KQ_NOTE_PDATAMASK	内部过滤器标志
KQ_NOTE_TRACK	跨 fork() 执行进程
KQ_NOTE_CHILD	在 NOTE_TRACK 的子进程上返回
KQ_NOTE_TRACKERR	无法附加到子对象

KQ_FILTER_NETDEV 过滤器标志（在Mac OS X上不可用）：

常数	意义
KQ_NOTE_LINKUP	链接已建立
KQ_NOTE_LINKDOWN	链接已断开
KQ_NOTE_LINKINV	链接状态无效

kevent.data

过滤特定数据。

kevent.udata

用户定义的值。